Prenatal Care Visits

– Your pelvis, vagina, uterus, and cervix. These are checked for size, shape, and structure. The size of your uterus tells how many weeks pregnant you are.

– Your ovaries. These are checked to make sure that they are healthy.

– The age of the embryo or fetus. Embryo is the term used for the baby the first 4 to 8 weeks of its growth. Fetus is the term used for the baby after you are 8 weeks pregnant.

Do some other tests:

• Blood tests. A sample of blood is taken from your arm to test for:

– Blood type (A, B, AB, or O)

– A positive or negative D blood type (this used to be called Rh factor)

– Anemia

– Immunity to German measles and chickenpox

– STDs (sexually transmitted diseases). All pregnant women are advised to be tested for HIV, hepatitis B, syphilis, and chlamydia. Testing for other STDs may also be done.

• Bacterial culture tests:

– Cell cultures are taken from your cervix, vagina, and rectum.

– These are tested for certain STDs and for group B strep.

• Urine tests. A urine sample is tested for protein, sugar, and a UTI. This stands for urinary tract infection.

• Pap test. Cells are taken from your cervix. These are tested for cancer and types of cells that can turn into cancer.

Rest of the Visits

At later visits, you can expect your health care provider to:

• Weigh you.

• Feel your abdomen. This checks for the height of the uterus and the position of the baby.

• Take your blood pressure.

• Test your urine for protein and sugar.

• Test your blood for anemia.

• Give you a vaccine to help protect you from the flu. Your health care provider decides if vaccines are needed.

• Check for signs of swelling in your ankles, hands, face, and feet.

• Listen for your baby’s heartbeat (after the 10th week).

• Take a blood sample for a “quad marker screen.” This tests for four substances in the blood. High or low levels of the four substances can screen for certain birth defects. Other tests would need to be done to confirm a birth defect. Birth defects happen in only a very small number of babies, though. This test is done between weeks 15 and 20. You may be able to choose if you have this test or not.

• Ask you if you have started to feel your baby move.

• Test you for gestational diabetes. A test is done for this between weeks 24 and 28. It is done even when urine tests don’t show sugar. But it may be done earlier if a routine urine test shows sugar. It also may be done earlier if you are at high risk for diabetes.

• Do a second blood test from your arm.

• Test a second cell culture from your vagina and rectum (between weeks 35 and 37). This checks for group B strep. A cell culture test may also be done as early as week 32 if you have a lot of vaginal discharge or if you have a history of preterm labor. That’s when labor happens 3 or more weeks before your due date.

What actually happens at each visit will depend on your needs at the time.

Special Tests

Ultrasound

This test shows the baby’s position. It shows how the baby is growing. Your bladder should be full for this test. Here is what happens during an ultrasound:

• A gel is rubbed on your belly.

• A hand-held device is passed over your belly. It doesn’t hurt at all.

• The test usually lasts 5 to 10 minutes. It can take up to 45 minutes. This will depend on the baby’s position and movement.

• Sound waves and a TV-like screen give a picture, which you can see, of your baby.

You may be given a video or printed copy of the picture. If so, ask your health care provider to explain it. The picture may show if your baby is a girl or boy. Would you rather keep the baby’s sex a surprise? If so, tell your provider before you have your ultrasound. That way, no one will let the secret slip. You see the picture only if it doesn’t show the baby’s sex.

An ultrasound may be done to:

• Find an IUD that was in place at conception

• Tell the age of the fetus

• Show how the fetus is lying before amniocentesis and CVS tests.

• See if you are carrying more than one baby

• Diagnose some birth defects (if done around 19 weeks by a doctor certified in OB ultrasound)

• Identify the source of any problems

Ultrasound is thought to be safe for both mother and baby. It is usually done between weeks 18 and 20 of the pregnancy. It may be done between weeks 10 and 14 if the baby is at high risk for Down’s syndrome.

Amniocentesis

Amniocentesis. This is a test for certain birth defects. It can also show how mature the fetus’s lungs are. The test takes about an hour. It is usually done between weeks 15 and 20. It can, though, be done at any time up to delivery, if needed. Here is what happens during amniocentesis:

• An ultrasound test locates the fetus and placenta.

• A needle is put into the uterus. The needle enters through the wall of the mother’s abdomen.

• The doctor uses ultrasound to guide the needle. The needle is put in an area away from the developing baby.

• Only two-thirds of an ounce of amniotic fluid is taken out. The fluid is sent to a lab.

Amniocentesis will show the baby’s sex. But it is never done for that purpose alone. That’s because there is about 1 chance in 100 to 1 chance in 200 that the mother may miscarry. This could happen within 3 weeks after the test. Amniocentesis is not a routine test. It tests for genetic problems if:

• The mother is over age 35 or asks to have genetic testing.

• The mother or her partner has a parent, brother, sister, or child with a genetic or metabolic problem.

• The mother has had a baby with a defect in the past.

• The mother has a family history of special problems, such as hemophilia (a bleeding disorder) or spina bifida.

• Both mother and father are Ashkenazi Jews. These Jewish people are from Eastern European descent. A person of this ethnic group has a 1 in 4 chance of carrying the gene for Tay-Sachs disease. If both parents carry this gene, there is a 1 in 4 chance that their baby will get Tay-Sachs disease.

It may feel scary to read about amniocentesis. Even if you have the test, it doesn’t mean your baby will have a birth defect. In fact, most tests give normal results.

Amniocentesis may be done later in a pregnancy to find out if the baby’s lungs are mature enough for the baby to be able to breathe on its own after birth.

CVS

CVS stands for chorionic villus sampling. It shows birth defects early in a pregnancy. It is usually done during weeks 10 to 12. In CVS, ultrasound is used to help take a sample of the fetal membrane. The sample is taken from the uterus through the vagina and cervix. Or the fetal membrane sample can be taken from the wall of the mother’s abdomen in the same way as with amniocentesis. The sample is sent to the lab. Like amniocentesis, cells can be grown to look for genetic problems. But CVS can find these sooner, because it is done earlier in the pregnancy.

CVS can’t show how mature the fetus’s lungs are. It does not test AFP. This is a protein in the blood. It is one of the four substances in the “quad marker screen.” The risk that the mother may miscarry is small. A CVS test should be done at centers that do a lot of CVS tests. A Maternal Fetal Medicine Specialist is skilled in doing this test.

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